Blockchain and supply chain finance: a critical literature review at the intersection of operations, finance and law SpringerLink

On the other hand, a direct connection between these two essential requirements by one pathway appear to make perfect sense, namely activation of SCF-KIT signaling leads directly to timely and precise generation of NO for mediating the multiple sequential steps during the regeneration process. The KIT-ET3-NO pathway represents the most plausible and the only currently known mechanism capable of fulfilling and seamlessly connecting the above two essential requirements. Taken together, we propose that the KIT-ET3-NO pathway most likely plays critical roles in regeneration of endothelium from KIT-expressing EPCs. The review covers the state-of-the-art use of blockchain in SCF in the past five years, 2016 to 2020. Primary data is collected through a systematic search and review of the literature , while additional data is collected from grey literature. To avoid biases stemming from omitted literature, the articles were located through keyword search in the core collection of Web of Science of terms related to SCF, trade finance, and more generally, supply chain and international trade.

• Hofmann et al. discuss applications in various buyer-led SCF techniques and examine a new solution that implements blockchain-based reverse-securitisation.
• At the blastocyst stage, compared with trophectoderm , the signal in the inner cell mass is low.
• Suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers, and end users make up the supply chain.
• However, there is evidence of opposition from incumbent economic leaders within the banking system to the blockchain transformation in SCF out of fear of being cut-off or of missing revenue streams .
• Kouhizadeh et al. detect the complexity of blockchain technology and the need for re-engineering of business processes across the supply chain in an orchestrated manner as the inter-organisational barriers, in addition to the aforementioned confidentiality and security concerns.
• After leaving DNAPrint, Matthew spent a few years working in the digital forensics area and then discovered the joy of teaching as an adjunct at New College of Florida, where he taught Genetics, before coming to SCF in 2011 to help start the Biotechnology program.

The degradation of maternal materials, which is mediated by the SCF complex, is indispensable for embryonic genome activation . Transcriptomic analysis of bovine embryos at various pre-implantation stages revealed that mRNA of Cul1 and Skp1 were synthesized at early stage of embryo development and activated on day 4 and day 8, suggesting that these transcripts were prepared by the embryo for EGA . Three-dimensional structure analysis indicates that Y586KIT is the primary autophosphorylation site upon SCF binding . The pY568/pY570KIT antibody recognizes both pY568KIT and pY570KIT because of their close proximity, so positive staining can represent pY568 alone or pY570 alone or both pY568 and pY570. The polyclonal pan-KIT antibody recognizing the C-terminal end of non-phosphorylated KIT shows positive cytoplasmic staining and negative nuclear staining in GISTs and normal adult human germ cells . In sharp contrast, the antibody against pY568/pY570KIT shows distinctive strong positive nuclear staining in all GISTs, and interestingly, the percentage of positive nuclear staining is proportional to the aggressiveness of the GIST .

Effects of information-processing mechanisms on Internet-based purchase order financing

Moreover, how do embryos precisely regulate signals in time and space to guide cell differentiation? The oogonia first enters the leptotene stage of the first meiotic prophase and becomes the primary oocyte. Before birth, the development of primary oocytes stagnates at the zygotene and pachytene stages. At this time, FBXW15 , a member of the F-box family, which is specifically expressed in ovaries, first appeared in large quantities.

This decade’s research has focused on Supply Chain Management across a wide range of industries. The definition of SCM remains a point of debate despite the growing popularity of SCM research and application. Scholars and practitioners have attempted to accurately describe SCM in numerous ways, with varying degrees of success. Because of this, SCM has gained traction as a tried-and-true management method for long-term profitability and growth in a variety of industries. By focusing on all aspects of the supply chain management process, this may be done to deliver the correct amount, quality, and scheduling of goods and services to the right place at the right time. Supply chains are widely recognized as the integration of material, information, and financial exchanges between and across businesses.

The increased supply chain visibility has been presented as a pillar of blockchain technology . Due to the integrity and immutability of records, blockchain enables real-time trade and cargo information from a single source of truth . For example, Tradelens provides real-time visibility of the progress of goods and documents in the container transportation industry through its blockchain ecosystem .

When it comes to Supply Chain Management , academics have tended to focus on how to generate more profit during the previous decade. Adding value, lowering costs, or shortening reaction time is some of the research aims for various stakeholders engaged in the industrial supply chain. In academia, there is an incredibly small number of research articles that are devoted to SCM in the banking industry. Following A Contribution to the SCF Literature the guidelines of Snyder , the literature review can be conducted in phases by reading abstracts first, making selections, and then reading full-text articles, before making the ultimate selection. Papers that discuss mainly different topics, e.g. cryptocurrency markets and Bitcoin’s price fluctuations, or that focus solely on specific sectors, e.g. use of blockchain in healthcare were discarded.

Application of genetic algorithm and BP neural network in supply chain finance under information sharing

Third, the listed firms on Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges often take a lead in reforming the SOEs in the largest bank-based economy. Given the preference of banks for lending to SOEs and the outstanding financial constraints of private firms or SMEs, such a discussion of SCF https://forexarena.net/ impact on firms of various ownership and size may shed light on effective financial solutions in future studies. SCF may have an impact on a firm’s cash holdings, so the industrial and banking lending policies may need adjustments to further support SCF and the real economy.

Wuttke D.A., Rosenzweig E.D., Heese H.S. An empirical analysis of supply chain finance adoption. Wuttke D.A., Blome C., Foerstl K., Henke M. Managing the innovation adoption of supply chain finance – empirical evidence from six European case studies. Pinkowitz L., Stulz R., Williamson R. Does the contribution of corporate cash holdings and dividends to firm value depend on governance? It can also be meaningful to explore the changes in a core firm’s value when SCF improves its cash holdings. On the one hand, improved cash holdings may allow the firm to take advantage of good investment opportunities, respond quickly to demands from the market, gain better growth opportunities, and subsequently enhance the firm value. On the other, with improved cash holdings, the core firm may better cope with risks in the SCF ecosystem, which is needed for improved firm values.

Spermatogonia cell transplantation shows that FBXW7 overexpression reduces SSCs activity, while Fbxw7 deficiency enhances the colonization of SSCs colonization and causes accumulation of undifferentiated spermatogonia, suggesting that Fbxw7 levels are essential for self-renewal and differentiation of SSCs. Further investigations demonstrate that the knockdown of FBXW7 is able to up-regulate myelocytomatosis oncogene and CCNE1. There are also studies that point out that the lack of Peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1 , which is essential for spermatogenesis, leads to male infertility, while FBXW7 is down-regulated when Pin1 is exhausted . Therefore, FBXW7 could be used as a target to detect male infertility for further clinical verification.

Another promising direction of research is the articulation of the legal implementation challenges, which is already underway by one of the authors. For instance, the lack of a sufficient legislative and regulatory framework for blockchain alternatives to paper trade documentation begets a risk of a legal void surrounding the use of blockchain SCF platforms. The key legal issues raised by the development and the use of blockchain records operating on global trade platforms need to be explored by legal scholars in order to establish how would the legislative and regulatory environment need to change to ensure legal enforceability of blockchain-based SCF solutions. Blockchains are classified as permission-less (‘public’) and permissioned, in alignment with the extent to which nodes may be involved in the consensus process . In a permission-less blockchain, such as Bitcoin or Ethereum, anyone can run as a pseudonymous full node, make contribution, and receive awards pursuant to the corresponding rules. Permissioned blockchains can be further categorised into private and consortium-based blockchains.

Inventory management with asset-based financing

Other forms of wealth transmission are more difficult to quantify, although the SCF does contain questions that shed light on some of these channels. Investment in education and inclusion in lucrative family businesses are two examples of indirect ways in which wealthy families set their children up for future financial success. Additional wealth transmission channels derive from changes in consumption or labor supply choices due to the receipt or the prospect of future receipt of a substantial gift or inheritance.

In the meantime, increased cash holdings at a core firm may lead to enhanced investment efficiency, rather than over-investment, and enhanced firm values. In other words, SCF may play positive roles in improving the firm’s efficiency and competitiveness and be meaningful for the development of real economy. The role of big data in implementing supply chain finance initiatives lacks empirical study.

Fostering the Circular Economy with Blockchain Technology: Insights from a Bibliometric Approach

Supply chain finance aims to optimally align financial resource flows with material and information flows within supply chains. Although an increasing number of studies have demonstrated the potential of SCF resulting in improving cash-flow management and obtaining loan opportunities for suppliers and buyers, little is known about whether SCF initiatives can result in positive market value for service providers. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to examine the effect of SCF initiatives with the distinctive characteristics on service providers’ market value. We adopted the event study methodology to analyse 177 SCF initiatives announced between 2008 and in the Chinese market. The event study results showed that the average abnormal returns over a three-day event window around the SCF announcements are 0.793%, representing an average increase of CNY 1.66 billion in market value for the service providers.

By documenting this work, we hope to facilitate a virtual safe space where we share creative ideas on how to best support our communities. We also invite you to contribute stories from your own context so we can learn from our experiences. This section analyses both the academic literature and blockchain-based SCF projects from the perspectives of pain points and barriers in existing SCF processes, the promise of blockchain-driven SCF solutions, and implementation challenges. At a basic level, SCF consists of receivables purchases , payables finance and borrowing using trade credit/accounts receivables as collateral (loan or advance against receivables, distributor finance, inventory finance and pre-shipment finance) . In Table 1, we provide the most commonly used definitions and the synonyms of the SCF techniques based on the classification recommended in Global Supply Chain Finance Forum .

An outcomes evaluation of SCF diversion for repeat DUI and alcohol-involved domestic-violence offenders in South Dakota. A natural experiment difference-in-differences analysis, comparing pre/post SCF implementation in SCF/non-SCF counties. SCF counties experienced a 12% reduction in repeat DUI arrests and a 9% reduction in domestic-violence arrests. At three-year followup, SCF participants were half as likely as non-participant DUI repeat offenders to receive a new DUI conviction. The paper presents a comprehensive summary of previous research on this topic and identifies the most important issues that need to be addressed in future research.

At this time, banks will face multiple risks such as policy, operation, market and credit. The investigation on supply chain finance under information sharing from the aspect of credit risk assessment will be conducted. The genetic algorithm combined with support vector machine and BP neural network is selected to evaluate the credit risk of supply chain finance. In the support vector machine method, the parameter selection method adopts genetic algorithm. The standard deviations of main business, net profit and total assets are all above 30%, and the standard deviations of current ratio and quick ratio are small, which means that the two are more stable and healthier.

Supply chain finance: some conceptual insights

Nilotinib is a second generation, and imatinib a first generation, of highly selective targeted drugs against the same four targets of BCR-ABL , PDGFR-α, PDGFR-β, and KIT. The nilotinib CML clinical trial design has no placebo arm, instead it has a second arm using imatinib. The high frequency and severity of adverse vascular event in patients treated with nilotinib, but not imatinib, are unexpected and currently unexplained indicating gaps in current knowledge thus warrant evaluation. To start, we take a close look at the nature of AVEs and re-analyze all available data. The AVEs of nilotinib has been independently reported from single and multi-institutional retrospective studies [84–91], as a prospective study , as correspondence, letters, or comments (93–95), and again in recent review articles [96–99].

Above results demonstrate that KIT activation is tightly regulated by ligand availability, transient, and local. Above results also demonstrate that IHC using antibody recognizing pY568/pY570KIT represents a sensitive and reliable method of detecting the in vivo activated KIT. Nuclear localization of cytoplasmic membrane receptors leading to induction of downstream target genes is infrequent but has been reported . Nuclear localization of pY568/pY570KIT is unexpected [66–68,103,104], suggests potential transcriptional capacity, and warrants investigation, but its biological significance is beyond the scope of this present study. IHC staining of pY568/pY570KIT and nuclear localization of pY568/pY570KIT are utilized in this study as indicators of “in vivo activated KIT” status, and are applied to the rest of experiments described below.

Inhibition of KIT by nilotinib results in endothelium impairment, undermines these patients’ anti-atherogenic protection, and deprives these vulnerable CML patients of their last reserve of endothelium-dependent-NO generation. The prescribing information of nilotinib reports “IC50 of c-kit” to be “210 nM”, but fail to specify the target (i.e. wild-type human KIT vs mutated human KIT), hence this IC50 value of “210” is meaningless. Further review of published data reveals that IC50-proliferation of the GIST882 cell line, which harbors K642E-KIT mutation in exon 13, to be 200±13 , very close to the value reported in the prescribing information of nilotinib . The IC50 of mutated KIT by nilotinib using the GIST882 cell line most definitely does not represent the IC50 of wild-type human KIT, hence is not helpful in the investigation of nilotinib side effects. Blood vessels in surgical specimens obtained under anesthesia from normal human patients without cardiovascular diseases represent the physiological condition of minimal demand for endothelium-dependent NO generation beyond basal level, hence not useful for our in vivo studies. To assess the physiological role of the KIT-ET3-NO pathway in maintaining vascular homeostasis, we first examine the physiological roles of the individual four key molecules (i.e. ETBR, ET3, SCF, and KIT).

In their study of the SMarT program at a midsized manufacturing firm, Thaler and Benartzi find that 80 percent of participating employees remain in the SMarT program through four pay raises, with contribution rates rising from 3.5 percent to 13.6 percent over a period of slightly more than 3 years. More broadly, the rationale for such an approach would seem to be that the failure of the merged institution would be so intolerably costly that the merged entity would be too big to fail, with the attendant moral hazard and financial stability consequences that flow from that designation. However, the post-GFC banking reforms have ensured that no institution is TBTF, and an extensive literature has documented its demise (see Covas and Nelson for a review). Moreover, it would be illogical, and inconsistent with the current approach for regulating large banks, for the evaluation to be blind to the probability of default. If a small increase in the SCF resulted in a large reduction in the probability of default, surely it would reduce, not increase, risks to financial stability, even if the merger pushed the SCF over an arbitrary threshold.